The Nobel Prize Winners For Sciences

Sri City: The Nobel Prize is a highly prestigious international award typically given to those whose beliefs or life's work has contributed to humanity's greater good. The Nobel features six categories:

Physics, Chemistry, Medicine, Literature, Economics, and Peace. In this article, we will be

studying their groundbreaking scientific discoveries made by Nobel Prize recipients in their

respective fields (Science).

Medicine/ Physiology

The recipients of the 2025 Nobel Prize for physiology were Mary E. Brunkow, Fred Ramsdell & Shimon Sakaguchi. Their work revolved around our peripheral immune system. The peripheral immune system is essentially a complex system that involves a myriad of cells and enzymes,

which prevent our immune system from attacking somatic cells (the body’s self-produced cells). Sakaguchi discovered the presence of T-regulatory cells in the body that suppress the mechanism of the normal T-cells to prevent degradation of somatic cells. After a period of bodily sickness, our body’s T-reg cells are activated, and such cells secrete biomolecules that can help prevent excessive immune action. Brunkow and Ramsdell closely studied a transcription gene known as FOXP3. In simple words, the T-Reg cell is activated by this gene. The activation of the FOXP3 gene mediates the conversion of a T-cell to a T-Regulatory cell. The absence of the FOXP3 gene can lead to autoimmune diseases as it results in the absence of a T-regulatory gene.

Chemistry

This years nobel prize was awarded out to Susumu Kitagawa,Richard Robson Omar M. Yaghi . These scientists deavloped a metal-organic frameworks (MOFs). MOFs are three-dimensional crystalline structures that were formed by the linkage between metallic ions and organic compounds.The structures are visualised to have porous networks and have various innovative applications, including the reduction of Carbon dioxide levels in the atmosphere. This occurs due to the the pores within these crystal lattice-like structures that can trap carbon dioxide from the atmosphere into their crevices, thus effectively lowering the concentration of CO₂ in the environment. Secondly, it can be used as a drug-delivery system. The drugs are seated within the crevices of the porous network. This slows down the rate at which the drug enters the bloodstream, allowing for a more sustained release of the drug.

Physics

The Nobel Prize for Physics went to John Clarke, Michel H. Devoret & John M. Martinis. These researchers blurred the lines between quantum and classical physics!. They observed quantum behaviour on man-made laptops. By rule, Physics is categorised into either Quantum physics and Classical physics. Classical physics can be used to describe the behaviour of larger objects such as apples or cars. Quantum physics is the study of the behaviour of atoms, electrons and photons. This year, scientists proved that effects only noted in quantum physics were also observed in

large-scale objects - more precisely, the electric circuit (Superconductors). The energy flowing

through the circuit was quantised- meaning it was not continuous ( a belief central to classical

physics) but rather occupied different fixed energy levels, which is an idea central to quantum

physics. The main contradiction is that classical physics believes that energy levels within a

circuit can be regulated at will, but experimental studies proved that even within circuits, the

Energy flowing through them occupies a fixed energy level that cannot be changed.

Bibliography 

1. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/medicine/2025/press-release/

2. https://www.nytimes.com/2025/10/08/science/nobel-prize-chemistry.html

3. https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/2025/summary/ 

‌